News- Language Perspectives

Different Perspectives

What do you notice about the difference in content and how the articles convey this information? Why do you think that is?

The Daily Mirror's journalisms seems to be much more invasive as it names the twin siblings which is unnecessary information. The Daily Mirror also state that the father might not be the real father and that he has 'mental problems'→this provides us with more information relating to the article.  The fact that this newspaper mentions 'mental problems' suggests they feel comfortable to blame this tragic incident on mental health. 

You can see from the choice of pictures that the Daily Mirror are interfering at a higher level than the Times because they use a close up picture of both the twin children which is very personal. They have also decided to choose a picture of the parents which again adds more detail.

In the Times, they never state that the father used a hammer and they don't really provide a background of the family suggesting that they don't want to intrude on the family who have just lost their child, this shows that the Times seem to be more considerate and compassionate. Instead of questioning the immediate family, the journalists seem to ask the neighbours of the family to find out what happened as witnesses.    

The choice of pictures in this newspaper are a lot more understated and less intrusive, they choose to use the picture of the street where it happened rather than the actual house and don't show a picture of the sister who didn't get killed to keep her life more private. 

      ←Daily Mirror

        The Times→

	THE TIMES	DAILY MIRROR
Who was involved?	A one-year old boy and his twin sister along with both parents and witnesses of the accident	Twin brother and sister- Gabriel and Maria and parents Cristinela and Bidhya Das
What happened?	Twin boy dies and his twin sister is critically injured by Bidhya Sagar Das (father)	The young boy was killed in a hammer attack, committed by his father.
Where did it happen?	Finsbury Park, North London	In the twins home, in the back of the property in Hackney, North London. The building is supposed to be owned by the ‘Pembury Hotel’
When did it happen?	11:10pm, Saturday night on 18th march 2017	At 11:10pm on Saturday, 18th March, 2017
How did it happen?	The dad attacked his twin toddlers	Father attacked his two children with a hammer
Why did it happen?		Father allegedly has ‘mental problems’ and the twins might not actually have been his children

The Social Media Effect

- New stories break on twitter before anything else e.g.. Osama Bin laden 's death was released on              
  twitter by his next door neighbour hearing a racket.
- 50% of news consumers have received 'breaking news' which is later discovered not to be true.
- 46% of people get their news online at least 3 times a week.
- As of 2012, online news revenue has surpassed print newspaper revenue.

Clay Shirky- How Social Media Can Make History

- When a newspaper was printed, it gave one message to everyone, however with social media, many messages are portrayed because of the ability to comment/share/like etc. 
- To find out further about a specific article, you can specifically search it on the internet and get an immediate answer. 
- Phones and computers allow you to consume and produce.
- The audiences of media can communicate/ interact with each other.

An example of this is the Chinese earthquake in 2008.
As the earthquake was happening, the news was instantly reported by citizens, the BBC got the information from twitter.
- Within half a day, donation sites were already set up. 

News- How can you spot bias in a newspaper?

1. Bias through choice of photos (size), captions and camera angles- does the person look empowered? Weak? Foolish?


The picture of Jeremy Corbyn is comedic and humiliating, which presents him as someone who is irresponsible and silly. This is biased because it is clearly showing that The Sun are anti-labour, this could make readers feel the same.

2. Bias through placement- is it on the front page or hidden on page 15? How long/ thorough is the article?


This article was found 14 articles down the Daily Mail online website, as this is positioned so0 low down, it shows us that the Daily Mail don't believe this is major news, it is basically brushed aside.

                       

3. Bias through word choice and tone (is it sympathetic or critical?)


This is biased because immigrants are being linked with the word 'invasion'. This headline makes immigrants sound like enemies who are invading somewhere they shouldn't be. This injects a view onto the audience of the Daily Express (Hypodermic needle theory).

4. Bias through headlines- what is the headline/ article, and how is the article pitched through the headline?

This is biased because The Sun is quite clearly pro-brexit as they have been quite humiliating to the people who are anti-brexit by being comedic and sarcastic in the way they present their views.

5. Bias through source control- who have they interviewed/ asked for information?

Instead of the newspaper interviewing the woman whom the 'time for botox' article was about, they could have chosen to interview the BBC instead to portray a different perspective.

6. Bias through use of names and titles- nicknames, respectful terms, etc.

This is very biased because they have called Theresa May many alternative names in a negative fashion, which shows they are against her and her party. The newspaper are letting their opinion and views get in the way of the news story.









7. Bias through selection or omission- which articles are included and left out?

Newspapers will not include an article if it is a bit to close to home with their company, for example, the Paradise Papers was a big story which should have been a rolling story for most newspapers, however, some chose not to include it because the owners of their newspaper companies were doing the same thing as the celebrities.














8. Bias through statistics and crowd counts- how statistics are manipulated to make a point. eg. 20% of students failed exams OR 80% of students passed their exams.


This newspaper is biased because they are making out that mental patients are terrifying people that should be steered clear of. They could have been portrayed more positively if they hadn't have said the figure.

Newspaper Terminology

Masthead	Title of the newspaper displayed on the front page.
Barcode	Used to scan the newspaper when purchasing. It is an optical, machine-readable, representation of data and contains information such as price.
Caption	Brief text underneath an image describing the photograph or graphic.
Headline	A phrase that summarises the main point of the article. Usually in large print and a different style to catch the attention of the reader.
Main Image	Dominant picture, often filling much of the front cover.
Page Numbers	A system of organisation within the magazine. Helps you find what you want to read.
Centre Spread	A photograph, often in full colour, that runs across the middle two pages.
Lead Story	Main story, usually a splash.
Gutter	The blank space between margins of facing pages of a publication or the blank space between columns of text.
Folio	Top label for the whole page. Can relate to the area covered in the newspaper for example, National or a big news topic such as social media, Syria.
Page Furniture	Everything on a page except pictures or text of stories.
Target Audience	People who the newspaper aims to sell to.
Pull Quote	Something taken from within an article, usually said by the person in the main image.
Classified Ad	An advertisement that uses only text, as opposed to a display ad, which also incorporates graphics.
Skyline	An information panel on the front page that tells the reader about other stories to tempt them inside.
Edition	Some newspapers print several of these every night, these are versions with some changes and maybe additional late stories.
Stand First	Block of text that introduces the story, normally in a different style to the body text and the headline.
Byline	The line above the story, which gives the author’s name and sometimes their job and location.
Body Text	Also known as copy. Written material that makes up the main part of an article.
Standalone	Picture story that can exist on its own or on a front page leading to a story inside.

News- Politics

Right Wing- Daily Mail, The Sun, The Telegraph, The Times

• Conservative
• UKIP (UK Independent Party), BNP (British National Party)
• Traditional Values→ love of the past (royals, veterans etc.)
• 'Survival of the fittest' mentality→ we should be able to keep the money we earn because deserve it
• Don't believe in benefits/ welfare for all
• Don't want the NHS or state schools (privatisation)
• Tied to Christianity- against gay marriage, some are anti-abortion etc. traditional views about women (should not be priests etc. )
• Pro-Brexit, anti-immigration
• Not worried about the environment 
• Pro nuclear weapons

Left Wing- The Guardian, The Mirror, Financial Times

• Labour, The Green Party
• Optimists- visionaries of the future (forward looking) 
• Pro-Europe (Anti-Brexit), Pro-immigration, Pro-Multiculturalism
• 'Welfare state', benefits "for the many not the few"
• Higher taxes- especially the rich 
• Looking for more equality
• 'Idealists'
• Fight for women's rights, gay rights etc.
• Pro-Nationalism
• Very concerned with the environment                                                                                              

Owen Jones Political Twitter Speaker-

"Largey run by a very small group of right wing media moguls who defend the status quo of which thy are a part. If you are on the left and want to change society, the media will always come and get you."

News Article Analysis- Iran/Iraq Earthquake

Language	Content	Style	Values and attitudes	Photographs	Headlines
What examples of language stand out.  Calculate the average number of words per sentence.	What is included or missed out of the story?  Can you explain this?	Is the article chatty or formal?  Serious or funny? How long are the sentences?	Is there any bias?	Which shots have been chosen and why?  How have they been edited?	What kind of headline is it?  What techniques are used?
The average number of words per sentence is 19.5. The verb ‘kills’ in the headline is a strong and emotive word used to attract an audience due to shock value and interest. The use of statistic ‘200’ people killed at least provides facts which readers like because they know it is believable and that the news they are reading is true. Another part of the article which proves its validity is the use of quotes from the people that have been    experiencing the earthquake; “there are still people under the rubble” this make the reader feel involved and immersed into the article.	The parts the article have focussed on are the facts of the story, as the article is about earthquake, people will want to know the details of the event. The article provides us with the magnitude, time, deaths etc. of the earthquake. The article includes information from the US Geological Survey, the use of elite persons makes this article an important one. The news is classed as ‘hard news’ because it is a natural event which affects peoples lives.	I feel as if this article is formal as the information and facts are very informative, letting people know what has happened in simple detail. There is no sign of colloquial language because it wouldn’t be appropriate to be funny when the article is about a serious matter. The sentences are one enough to provide as much information as possible but are also short enough to be able to understand in a hurry.	I don’t think there is any bias in this article because it is just an informative piece of text. I feel the intention for this task is just to inform the people  about the earthquake.	The picture used in this article is very invasive as the camera is at the level of the person injured on the stretcher. As we are at the same level of the injured victim, it makes the reader process what is happening, we can empathise with the hundreds of hurt and injured people who were affected by this earthquake. The picture doesn’t look like it has been edited, it shows the nitty gritty truth of the tectonic event. Another reason this picture might not have been edited is because the picture could have only just been taken and the journalists did not have a time and need to edit it. We also see peoples expressions and faces during the panic of the event.	This is a news headline as it is announcing a recent earthquake. The headline is very simple as it says ‘Iran-Iraq earthquake kills hundreds’, the online news website are not trying to make it sounds more exciting or interesting, they are just stating the matter as it is.

http://www.theweek.co.uk/89653/iran-iraq-earthquake-kills-hundreds

News (Gatekeeping/News Values)

Gatekeeping→ a term applied to the editing and filtering process where decisions are made to let some information 'pass through' to the receiver (audience) and other information remains barred.

News Values

1. Threshold- The bigger the impact and reach of the story.
2. Unexpectedness- News that you don't expect. An event that is a shock and out of the ordinary.
3. Negativity- A bad news story. It is much more interesting 'if it bleeds it leads'.
4. Elite persons/place- Stories about important people and powerful nations.
5. Unambiguous- Stories that are easy to understand and for papers to report on.
6. Personalisation- Giving a news story a personal touch (a 3 year old died in the fire).
7. Proximity-Stories closer to home are more likely to be included.
8. Continuity/Currency- Stories that are already in the news continue to run and are updated.

Media Trip Notes

Subjective Epistemologies→Opinionated in how they present their newspapers. The way they tell their story.

-Trinity Mirror own most local newspapers in the UK e.g. Daily Mirror
-Tabloids are known as 'red tops'
- Newspapers have convergent links, this could be from social media e.g.Instagram, Snapchat or Facebook or using videos of articles- this makes it more interactive for the reader.

Soft News→ Reality, Emotional, Lifestyle, Sports, TV analysis and Gossip.
Hard News→ Political, Conflict, Terrorist attacks, Healthcare, Sex Scandals, Education or Economy.

Voyeurism→ Enjoyment from seeing the pain or distress of others- eg. people enjoy reading about crime articles in newspapers.

News Article Analysis

How has it been constructed?

Headline- The headline helps the readers to understand what the article is about because the word 'moor' links back to the 'moor's murders' which most people have heard of, the simple word is a reminder to what happened. The use of the word 'fears' at the start entices the reader because anything negative does; 'if it bleeds it leads'. 

Intro- In the intro it says that Brady's body will only be released when "a coroner is satisfied that his ashes will not be scattered on Saddleworth Moor', the statement is something which has presumably been answered, therefore it makes the reader continue reading because they want to find put what the coroners answer is. This short intro makes it easy for the reader to decide if they want to carry on because they can quickly read it and make a rapid decision if they want to continue. 

Focus- In this article, Brady is obviously the focus because it states his name in the headline, it talks about the people he killed and the the funeral director that will be dealing with his body. As Brady is the focus, it will invite lots of people who are interested in the Moor's Murders and people that were alive in that 60's or people that it effected e.g. friends and families of the victims.

Narrative- The use of quotes in this article makes it more interactive and engaging because it adds a human aspects to it, it also provides more information on the case and can nearly make us imagine what is going on. It also gives us information that the reader can trust.

Structure- The article is clearly laid out in 7 paragraphs, this breaks the article up nicely  for the reader to read it with ease and clarity. The first paragraph states a sort of question and key statement that will need to be answered in the remainder. The second paragraph states a piece of information that Brady said which was he left his resting place out to insult his victims, this provides further insight into the article which will engage the reader. In the remaining paragraphs it provides quotes from the victims family and the people who are involved in how his body will be dealt with.   

Newspaper data

News and Online Media

Comparing The Daily Mail, The Guardian and The Sun

• The Daily Mail have the largest online readership (14,068,817). This is because they it is free (unlike The Sun which you have to pay for), it has a simple and easiest to use layout and there are very little adverts.
• The Sun have the most print circulation (1,666,714)/readership(5,350,725)
• The Guardian have the most social media readers with a 6.87 million twitter followers. However they have the least print circulation/ readership. 
• Generally the more mainstream the paper, the more copies it sells.
• The Guardian seem to have made the biggest transition from paper to online as there figures on paper have been multiplied by 7 to online. 

Online News Advantages/Disadvantages

Advantages

- Easily accessible 

- Give you recent updates, if you sign up, they give you notifications 

- Mainly free

- You can search for specific articles

- No adverts on The Daily Mail

- The apps make it more navigable

- More interactive; this is called 'participatory media'→ You can watch videos and comment/like/share on Instagram, Facebook, twitter etc.

- Helpful for disabled people who struggle to get it from shops

- There is an archive option to view news you have missed

Disadvantages

- Sometimes can give you an overload of news you don't want to read

- You might not have internet connection 

- A lot more advertising that pops up and disturbs your reading

- The ability to comment to result in hurtfulness 

Gillete Advert

Representation: Stereotypes, Encoding/Decoding, Contents

The typical, stereotypical man is represented in this advert, the men shown are strong and masculine with good jobs, latest cars, lovely girlfriends and perfect children.  This incredibly positive and perfect representation of a man will make the audience want to buy the Gillette product because it seems to indicate that if you use it, you will then lead an ideal life. 

Audience: Categories, Mode of Address, Response, Interaction

The targeted audience for this advert is men from the age of roughly 28-35; the period when you settle down by getting married and have children. The mode of address in this advert is the acting of the roles and how they express their emotion, a lot of the emotion is happy, grateful and loving. All of these emotions make the viewers desire them and therefore make them want to buy the product.

Application of Theories

The theory which applies to this advert is the Stuart Hall theory, this shows the different readers  e.g. Dominant- the reader believes if they use this product they will become a man with everything ('the best a man can get') 

Negotiated- the reader believes the product will affect them positively but perhaps not quite as exaggerated as they make out.

Oppositional- the audience completely disagree with the advert e.g. 'this advert is completely sexist and gender stereotypical!'

Language: Technical, Visual, Audio Codes (camerawork, mise en scene, sound, editing), Narrative, Genre

The song the producers choose to use runs along the lines of 'your the best', they have cleverly played on the words by adding their brand name in it. This song runs all the way through the advert without any dialogue of the characters therefore the lyrics of the song are very important as they have to link in with the message of the advert. The visuals in the advert present snippets of each male character who has used the product and it shows the effect it had on them. The camera shots in the advert are mostly medium long shots so you can see the happiness from a distance. There are not really any bright colour effects therefore it shows the natural effect of the product which implies it is not fake at all. The whole advert is a compilation of various shots put together in a sequence. 

Mise en Scene

COSTUME-The female is wearing a purple dress which connotes royalty and wealth.

LIGHTING- In this image, it uses high key lighting and all the lighting shines on the woman and the product which is the perfume. 

ACTORS- The actress is sitting in an unlady-like position with her legs open which contradicts the polite position that a princess should sit. She is also biting her lip which portrays the idea that she is wanting attention.  

MAKE-UP- She is wearing a rich red lipstick which connotes love and passion. The rest of her make-up is very simplistic to accentuate her red lips.

PROPS- The use of the gold crown suggests superiority. Also the throne is gold which carries the connotation of royalty and wealth.

SETTING- The setting is a plain white background, this could be to highlight the other features in the advert eg. the perfume, the actress and the thrown. The overall message in this advert is that if you wear this fragrance you will be a rebellious, sexy young woman.  

News and Semiotics

Front Page Headline: Queen's tax haven scandal

News Values

1. Threshold- the Queen has a great impact on most people in the UK.
2. Unexpectedness- the day before this story, no one in the public would have known about this scandal therefore it is unexpected.
3. Negativity- this is negative because it seems as if the Queen and other people have been deceiving the public because they haven't been paying tax. 
4. Elite persons/Places- The Queen is the elitist person in the UK. 
5. Unambiguous- It is easy to understand that the Queen along with others have invested their money offshore which means they aren't paying all their taxes in the UK. 
6. Personalisation- If they had just said 'Important Peoples £10 million Tax Haven Scandal' then it would not have the same effect as using the 'Queen'.
7. Proximity- As this is happening in the UK in London it is close to home for many people reading this newspaper.
8. Continuity/Currency- As this piece of news only came out yesterday, it hasn't had the time to continue. However it will still be in the news for many days because more people are being named in the tax haven scandal. 

Audience

The stereotypical reader for the Daily Mirror are Labour Party voters. However these people are low income, they religiously feel that anyone with a posh accent is evil.

Judging this information above the Queen is a prime example of someone with a posh accent hence why she is presented in such a negative light. 

Another reason why this newspaper has targeted its audience well is that Theresa May is portrayed unfavourably because May is from the Tory Party.

Masthead- The name 'Daily Mirror', the word 'mirror' could suggest reflection, they reflect on each piece of news they receive. The masthead is all in capital letters which suggests boldness and that the information is factual and simple.

Layout and Style- On this cover there are 3 headlines/ lead stories. It is reasonably easy to identify these three sections as they are have different colours and are compartmentalise into three boxes. The main image seems to be the couple who left Strictly, however the main headline is the Queen's tax haven scandal. The fact that the Queen's scandal takes up half the page, shows that this is the focus of the newspaper another thing about this headline is that it is in a bold large typeface which is quite in your face and it forces an opinion to the reader therefore we can't really form an opinion ourselves.

Language- The language is very simplistic, there are no 'big words' that cannot be understood. All the words are in short quick snippets making it easy for the reader to read, this means that the readers can decide in a short space of time, whether they want to buy this newspaper.

Connotations/Denotations

The red colour in the masthead clearly shows that the Daily Mirror support the Labour Party. The red poppy within the masthead is obviously a special as it is the month of November but this connotes the war and soldiers who have died, this shows the newspaper care about this    and are happy to present it on their front cover. The different typefaces for the different articles show that the articles are varied and different. The use of the stand first 'cash secrets of super rich' being written in red connote there love for labour as well and also the colour red generally suggests danger and therefore we think the Queen's scandal is dangerous- they are planting ideas into our heads. 

Front page Headline: Sex scandal will 'clear out' ministers

News Values

1. Threshold- Government ministers have a big impact on the UK, as they have significant control over our control.
2. Unexpectedness- shock factor that it's the ministers accused of sex scandals.
3. Negativity- both sex scandals and home- schooling loophole have an interest on readers, as they create both disappointment and upset.
4. Elite persons/places- the ministers have an important role in government, so it is more intriguing to see if it's true. Also, the representation of Trump is a leading role of USA, who are a big nation.
5. Unambiguous- the use of headings and subheadings makes the story easy to understand, as they tell you what you need to know. However, the main image can be difficult to understand, as there is little or relevant information on the subject.
6. Personalisation- the closest thing to personalisation is the '20 people' killed in the Texas Church shooting, however if they included the young girl that sadly dies, it would have had more impact and human interest. 
7. Proximity- the sex scandal is occurring around London, which is within close proximity to many people, so they feel more interest in the story. 
8. Continuity/currency- the story based around the offshore funds has been increasing in names of rich or famous people that have been 'exploiting the poor'.

Audience

The stereotypical audience for the Daily Telegraph are conservative supporters. The Daily Telegraph may want their audience to be people who disapprove of the rich, due to their negative depiction of the offshore funds. However, this news has been put aside, suggesting they want Trump to be the main focus, where anyone who has an interest or hate in Trump would want to read about him. 

Masthead

Unlike several other newspapers, The Daily Telegraph have a masthead in lower case letters. The main interest is focused on the font style, which isn't simplistic, but is more stylised. It appears in a old-fashioned and traditional way, further implying they want their readers to be older people.

Layout and Style

In this newspaper cover there are roughly 10 mini articles which go into brief detail, they are clearly separated on the page so it is easy to read them quickly. I feel the picture of Donald Trump in the middle is quite confusing because it is obviously the main image but it doesn't seem to correlate with the articles surrounding it, I feel the image is just to cover the page up and as Trump is a massive topic at the minute, the editors have just put it on the page to please their readers. 

Language

The language in the headlines seems to be formal, they are not trying to make puns or provide comedic language to the reader, this shows the the newspaper is purely there to provide facts to their readers without any colloquial distraction. The language used to describe the Queen's offshore funds is quite neutral, they are not depicting her badly but they aren't presenting her positively either.  

News Intro

News

• Newspapers have been around since mid 17th century.
• Until 20th century, newspapers were the primary means of bringing news to the public.
• Largely self regulating→ regulating body is IPSO ( Independent Press Standards Organisation) 
• Newspapers are allowed to show their political bias. 
• Leveson Inquiry 2011→ in response to allegations of phone hacking at the 'News of the World' was carried out. It suggested code of conducts and tighter controls to be imposed→ nothing has really happened about this. (Rupert Murdoch owns Fox, The Times, Sky and many others).
• Newspaper Industry is largely in decline in terms of circulation→ they have had to adapt to the way they write.

Populars	Mid-Market	Quality
The Sun	Daily Mail	Daily Telegraph
Daily Mirror	The Mail Sunday	The guardian
Daily Star	Metro	The Observer
	Daily Express	The Times
		The Independent
		I

Features of a Broadsheet (cover)